Jackson, S. E., Kotz, D., West, R. & Brown, J. Moderators of real-world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: A population study. Addiction 114, 1521–1720. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14656 (2019).
Farsalinos, K. E. & Gillman, G. Carbonyl emissions in e-cigarette aerosol: A systematic review and methodological considerations. Front. Physiol. 8, 1119 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hajek, P. et al. Nicotine delivery and users’ reactions to Juul compared with cigarettes and other e-cigarette products. Addiction https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14936 (2020).
Google Scholar
Farsalinos, K. E. et al. Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices. Sci. Rep. 3, 1–7 (2014).
Hajek, P. et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 629–637 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hitchman, S. C., Brose, L. S., Brown, J., Robson, D. & McNeill, A. Associations between e-cigarette type, frequency of use, and quitting smoking: Findings from a longitudinal online panel survey in Great Britain. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17, 1187–1194 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hartmann-Boyce, J. et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub4 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shahab, L. et al. Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users. Ann. Intern. Med. 166, 390 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stratton, K., Kwan, L. & Eaton, D. Public Health Consequences of e-Cigarettes. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies of Sciences (US), 2018). https://doi.org/10.17226/24952.
Google Scholar
Gravely, S. et al. Prevalence of awareness, ever-use and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) among adult current smokers and ex-smokers in 14 countries with differing regulations on sales and marketing of NVPs: Cross-sectional findings from the ITC Project. Addiction 114, 1060–1073 (2019).
Google Scholar
McNeill, A., Brose, L. S., Calder, R., Bauld, L. & Robson, D. Vaping in England: 2020 evidence update summary. Report commissioned by Public Health England (2020).
Walker, N. et al. Nicotine patches used in combination with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation: a pragmatic, randomised trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 8, 54–64 (2020).
Beard, E., West, R., Michie, S. & Brown, J. Association of prevalence of electronic cigarette use with smoking cessation and cigarette consumption in England: A time–series analysis between 2007 and 2017. Addiction https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14851 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wagener, T. L. et al. Have combustible cigarettes met their match? The nicotine delivery profiles and harmful constituent exposures of second-generation and third-generation electronic cigarette users. Tob. Control 26, e23–e28 (2017).
Google Scholar
Farsalinos, K. E., Voudris, V., Spyrou, A. & Poulas, K. e-Cigarettes emit very high formaldehyde levels only in conditions that are aversive to users: A replication study under verified realistic use conditions. Food Chem. Toxicol. 109, 90–94 (2017).
Google Scholar
Jackler, R. K. & Ramamurthi, D. Nicotine arms race: JUUL and the high-nicotine product market. Tob. Control 28, 623–628 (2019).
Google Scholar
Talih, S. et al. Characteristics and toxicant emissions of JUUL electronic cigarettes. Tob. Control 28, 678–680 (2019).
Google Scholar
Huang, J. et al. Vaping versus JUULing: How the extraordinary growth and marketing of JUUL transformed the US retail e-cigarette market. Tob. Control 28, 146–151 (2019).
Google Scholar
Caldwell, B., Sumner, W. & Crane, J. A systematic review of nicotine by inhalation: Is there a role for the inhaled route?. Nicotine Tob. Res. 14, 1127–1139 (2012).
Google Scholar
O’Connell, G. et al. A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with nicotine salt formulations in US adult smokers. Intern. Emerg. Med. 14, 853–861 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fast-growing e-cigarette maker Juul to launch in UK. Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-juul-britain/fast-growing-e-cigarette-maker-juul-to-launch-in-uk-idUSKBN1K62WC (2018).
Dawkins, L. et al. ‘Real-world’ compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: Subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure. Addiction 113, 1874–1882 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kośmider, L., Kimber, C. F., Kurek, J., Corcoran, O. & Dawkins, L. E. Compensatory puffing with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids increases carbonyl exposure in e-cigarette aerosols. Nicotine Tob. Res. 20, 998–1003 (2018).
Google Scholar
World Health Organisation. Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) Market Monitoring Information (World Health Organization, 2018).
Simonavicius, E., McNeill, A., Shahab, L. & Brose, L. S. Heat-not-burn tobacco products: A systematic literature review. Tob. Control 28, 582–594 (2018).
McNeill, A., Brose, L. S., Calder, R., Bauld, L. & Robson, D. Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018. Report commissioned by Public Health England (2018).
Poynton, S. et al. A novel hybrid tobacco product that delivers a tobacco flavour note with vapour aerosol (Part 1): Product operation and preliminary aerosol chemistry assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 106, 522–532 (2017).
Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., Farrow, E., Brown, J. & Shahab, L. Is dual use of nicotine products and cigarettes associated with smoking reduction and cessation behaviours? A prospective study in England. BMJ Open 10, e036055 (2020).
Glasser, A., Abudayyeh, H., Cantrell, J. & Niaura, R. Patterns of e-cigarette use among youth and young adults: Review of the impact of e-cigarettes on cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 21, 1320–1330 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mantey, D. S., Cooper, M. R., Loukas, A. & Perry, C. L. e-Cigarette use and cigarette smoking cessation among Texas college students. Am. J. Health Behav. 41, 750–759 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kalkhoran, S., Chang, Y. & Rigotti, N. A. Electronic cigarette use and cigarette abstinence over 2 years among US smokers in the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Nicotine Tob. Res. 22, 728–733 (2020).
Google Scholar
Use of e-cigarettes (vaporisers) among adults in Great Britain. Report by Action on Smoking and Health. https://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/statistical/use-of-e-cigarettes-among-adults-in-great-britain-2020/ (2020).
Fidler, J. A. et al. ‘The smoking toolkit study’: A national study of smoking and smoking cessation in England. BMC Public Health 11, 479 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fidler, J. A., Shahab, L. & West, R. Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: Comparison with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and its components. Addiction 106, 631–638 (2011).
Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E. et al. Comparison of trends in self-reported cigarette consumption and sales in England, 2011 to 2018. JAMA Netw. open 2, e1910161 (2019).
Google Scholar
UK Health Research Authority. Policies, standards and regulations: Research involving children. https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/policies-standards-legislation/research-involving-children/ (2018).
Social Grade in National Readership Survey. http://www.nrs.co.uk/nrs-print/lifestyle-and-classification-data/social-grade/ (2019).
R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found. Stat. Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74686-7 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. D. & Gelman, A. The No-U-Turn sampler: Adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 15, 1593–1623 (2014).
Lemoine, N. P. Moving beyond noninformative priors: Why and how to choose weakly informative priors in Bayesian analyses. Oikos 128, 912–928 (2019).
Google Scholar
McElreath, R. Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan (Routledge, 2019).
Patel, M. et al. JUUL use and reasons for initiation among adult tobacco users. Tob. Control 28, 681–684 (2019).
Hammond, D. et al. Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: Repeat national cross sectional surveys. BMJ 365, I2219 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kyriakos, C. N. et al. Characteristics and correlates of electronic cigarette product attributes and undesirable events during e-cigarette use in six countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob. Induc. Dis. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/93545 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mallock, N. et al. Trendy e-cigarettes enter Europe: Chemical characterization of JUUL pods and its aerosols. Arch. Toxicol. 94, 1985–1994 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hori, A., Tabuchi, T. & Kunugita, N. Rapid increase in heated tobacco product (HTP) use from 2015 to 2019: From the Japan ‘Society and New Tobacco’ Internet Survey (JASTIS). Tob. Control. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055652 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tabuchi, T. et al. Heat-not-burn tobacco product use in Japan: Its prevalence, predictors and perceived symptoms from exposure to secondhand heat-not-burn tobacco aerosol. Tob. Control 27, e25–e33 (2017).
Delnevo, C., Giovenco, D. P. & Hrywna, M. Rapid proliferation of illegal pod-mod disposable e-cigarettes. Tob. Control 29, e150–e151 (2020).
Hahn, S. National Survey Shows Encouraging Decline in Overall Youth E-Cigarette Use, Concerning Uptick in Use of Disposable Products. Press release by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/national-survey-shows-encouraging-decline-overall-youth-e-cigarette-use-concerning-uptick-use (2020).
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Directive 2014/40/EU of the European Parliament and the Council. Off. J. Eur. Union L127, 1–38 (2014).
Romberg, A. R. et al. Patterns of nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarettes sold in the United States, 2013–2018. Drug Alcohol Depend. 203, 1–7 (2019).
Google Scholar
Smets, J., Baeyens, F., Chaumont, M., Adriaens, K. & Van Gucht, D. When less is more: Vaping low-nicotine vs. high-nicotine e-liquid is compensated by increased wattage and higher liquid consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 723 (2019).
Google Scholar
Chen, C., Zhuang, Y. L. & Zhu, S. H. e-Cigarette design preference and smoking cessation: a US population study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 51, 356–363 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cheng, K.-W. et al. Costs of vaping: Evidence from ITC four country smoking and vaping survey. Tob. Control https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055344 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tattan-Birch, H., Brown, J. & Jackson, S. E. ’Give ’em the vape, sell ‘em the pods’: Razor-and-blades methods of pod e-cigarette pricing. Tob. Control , https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056354 (2021).
Jackson, S. E., Brown, J. & Jarvis, M. J. Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use. Addiction https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15403 (2021).
Google Scholar
Turkkan, N. & Pham-Gia, T. Highest posterior density credible region and minimum area confidence region: The bivariate case. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat. 46, 131–140 (1997).
Google Scholar
Hoekstra, R., Morey, R. D., Rouder, J. N. & Wagenmakers, E. J. Robust misinterpretation of confidence intervals. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 21, 1157–1164 (2014).
Google Scholar